Precedence
Perl
operators have the following associativity and precedence:
nonassoc print printf exec system sort reverse
chmod chown kill unlink utime die return
left ,
right = += -= *= etc.
right ?:
nonassoc ..
left ||
left &&
left | ^
left &
nonassoc == != <=> eq ne cmp
nonassoc < > <= >= lt gt le ge
nonassoc chdir exit eval reset sleep rand umask
nonassoc -r -w -x etc.
left << >>
left + - .
left * / % x
left =~ !~
right ! ~ and unary minus
right **
nonassoc ++ --
left
As mentioned earlier, if any list operator (print, etc.) or
any unary operator (chdir, etc.)
is followed by a left parenthesis as the next token on the same line,
the operator and arguments within parentheses are taken to
be of highest precedence, just like a normal function call.
Examples:
chdir $foo || die; # (chdir $foo) || die
chdir($foo) || die; # (chdir $foo) || die
chdir ($foo) || die; # (chdir $foo) || die
chdir +($foo) || die; # (chdir $foo) || die
but, because * is higher precedence than ||:
chdir $foo * 20; # chdir ($foo * 20)
chdir($foo) * 20; # (chdir $foo) * 20
chdir ($foo) * 20; # (chdir $foo) * 20
chdir +($foo) * 20; # chdir ($foo * 20)
rand 10 * 20; # rand (10 * 20)
rand(10) * 20; # (rand 10) * 20
rand (10) * 20; # (rand 10) * 20
rand +(10) * 20; # rand (10 * 20)
In the absence of parentheses,
the precedence of list operators such as print, sort or chmod is
either very high or very low depending on whether you look at the left
side of operator or the right side of it.
For example, in
@ary = (1, 3, sort 4, 2);
print @ary; # prints 1324
the commas on the right of the sort are evaluated before the sort, but
the commas on the left are evaluated after.
In other words, list operators tend to gobble up all the arguments that
follow them, and then act like a simple term with regard to the preceding
expression.
Note that you have to be careful with parens:
# These evaluate exit before doing the print:
print($foo, exit); # Obviously not what you want.
print $foo, exit; # Nor is this.
# These do the print before evaluating exit:
(print $foo), exit; # This is what you want.
print($foo), exit; # Or this.
print ($foo), exit; # Or even this.
Also note that
print ($foo & 255) + 1, "\n";
probably doesn't do what you expect at first glance.